HR Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HR Administration - Essay Example Ownership is the key distinction of privatization according to this focused definition of privatization (Klingner et al, 2010). Privatization is viewed as an option for providing services to the community and the decision to privatize should be made by the government reflecting the government to deliver public goods and services by the private sector creates a balanced evaluation of the financial and non-financial issues with the needs of the community.Market-based competition basis. Privatization is characterized by little involvement by the government and collaborating with private service providers. Government stops providing a service directly and relies on the private sector to deliver the service (Klingner et al, 2010). Human resource managers are facing an imminent mass exodus of senior workers, the likes of which has never been seen before. These workers will need to be replaced due to death or retirement. Some organizations might lose up to 50% of their seniors in the next two to three years. This exit will strain the governmental entitlement programs, company benefit, pension plans, and press the concern on empty chairs in offices across the nation. The smaller size of Generation X (25 – 38- year-olds) along with their high rate of turnover and the transitory nature of their work force lately will lead to a shrinking pool of replacements and competition for those employees will increase. Demographic realities seem to suggest a possible shortage of labor in the coming decades (Klingner et al, 2010). Many Boomers will maintain their positions after their typical retirement age due to longer life expectancy. The likelihood of new legislation increasing the age for Social Security benefits, the high costs in living, recent losses in pension and IRA accounts attached to the stock market could make older employees delay their

Miss Essay Example for Free

Miss Essay You will also evaluate who the target audience is, and analyse the effectiveness of the advertiser’s use of language, imagery and colours (advertising techniques) in achieving their intentions. Students must also discuss and evidence their understanding of the social, historical and cultural features which they feel are explicit and implicit within the poster. For this task, all students must demonstrate that they are taking an active and contributory role within the discussion and annotation process and that you have met the assessment criteria for this element of the task. Photographs of each group’s annotated ‘War Child’ poster will be taken. (1. 1 – 4. 2) ii. Compare and contrast the two advertisements by holiday companies to inform and persuade their target audience For this part of Task 3, you must compare and contrast the two holiday advertisements for Ibiza and Blackpool. Use the writing frame and assessment task criteria to help you structure your writing. Paragraph 1 Introduction (1. 2) Introduce the two adverts, what they are for? Are they predominantly trying to persuade or inform? Mention the fact that you are going to compare and contrast them, and will be evaluating who the target audience is, evaluating what style and form the advertiser’s use, analysing the language used in the advertisements, and evaluating the imagery and colours that the advertisers have used. You will also mention that you will be analysing the social, historical and cultural features in the advertisements which are explicit and implicit. You must also comment on how you will be evaluating what all of the above (advertising techniques) has with regard to the overall effectiveness of the advertisements in targeting the audience. |In this media essay, I’m going to compare two adverts – which are adverting on holidays. The first advert is for the ‘IBIZA’ (I will call this advert A) The | |second is for ‘BLACKPOOL’ (I will call this advert B) Although they are both adverting on holiday, the advert holiday is totally on a different ways. This is| |because they are aimed at different group of people. | | | | Paragraph 2 – Target Audience (3. 1) Compare and contrast the two advertisements with regard to the target audience. Here you must evaluate who you think the advertisements are aimed at. You need to give at least two main points of evidence here. You also need to summarise how effective you think the advertisements are with regard to the targeting of the audience. The adver t A is persuading the young people and also giving information to what they are presenting for them during the time spent on their holiday. The | |advert B is also persuading people by giving them a free ticket to come to the Blackpool tower a place for holiday also informing them for is best to receive| |like the Tower complex houses have many attractions in all kind of entertainments that you can think of. | |In this two Adverts A and B I am going to have a closer look on both of them by comparing and contrasting them and evaluates who the target audience is. Both| |adverts are aimed at adults. However, advert A is aiming to the young people whereas advert B is aimed to mature adult’s men and women. The denotation of | |advert A IBIZA the style of the advert is girly colours like bright pink, blue and yellow and the written words are of red, white, yellow and violet colours. | | | | | |Poster A is aiming to the young people whereas poster B is aiming to adult’s men and women. In the advert A IBIZA the uses is girly colours like bright pink,| |blue and yellow and the written words are of red, white, yellow and violet colours. The imagery is about grouping pictures of young boys and girls at the | |beaches, cinema, airport, and car park; and some are travelling on large vehicle and they are of different code of dressing which is mainly for the young | |people and the language uses on it, it is an attraction to draw the attention of the young once that’s planning for their holiday. The both adverts are very | |effective because of different colours uses to design the posters they are of different effects, the form of the languages uses is to call an attraction of | |people and persuade them to come spent the holiday and the words uses are of upper and lower case which explain the thing to expect like going around visit | |the city, to the beaches, clubbing, dancing in the hall while spending their holiday. | | |These adverts are aiming at two different groups of people for the young boys and girls the styles uses and the languages uses know exactly the mind of young| |people of kind of thing they want like the social life style a young person would like to receive to be a history something they should look back on. | Paragraph 3 – Style and Form (3. 2) Here you need to compare and contrast the style and form of the two advertisements. Evaluate the overall style and form of the advertisements (the layout). Things to consider might be the position of the writing and the pictures. Which dominate and why? How does that link to the target audience? What font styles are used? What words are made to stand out? Again, summarise how does this link to how the advertisers are trying to inform or persuade the target audience? You must provide evidence. | | |The advert A which is the IBIZA has more effect on the poster and more colours also more photos of groups of people. The poster is displaying different | |people on different types of dressing. On the poster the written languages were uses upper and lower case some are bold and italics. The word used to stand | |out the advert is IBIZA written in a capital form with a large form of Alphabets. | |The position of the advert characters was at the right which displayed things to do at the beach, nights on the town, what’s are the costs prices, also the | |photos of groups of people was at the right side, they advertise the club beats with upper and lower case. |The advert B BLACK POOL the denotation of advert uses are less in colours and one photo of people dancing in the tower hall, photo of two people sited at the| |beach, the front photo of the tower hall and map show the travel direction which displayed the address and the direction to Blackpool town hall. The | |languages uses were upper and lower case some of the written words are highlighted bold and the position were at the left and the word Blackpool was written | |bold with a red colour and a written note from Deca Maggie to Jacquie were at the middle of the poster. The word used to stand the adverts is Blackpool | |written with a red colour and with large Alphabets. The two adverts A and B are trying to persuade the target audience to come and experience a good holiday. | | | Paragraph 4 – Language and slogans (4. 2) Here you must compare and contrast the language and slogans used in the two advertisements. What do you notice about the language choices? Is it formal or informal? Does it contain any dialect? Are there any slogans? Can you analyse how the language in the advertisements is used in different social contexts? Again, summarise how effective you think the language used in the advertisements is, in targeting the audience. You must provide evidence. |The language uses is to draw the attention of people who’s want or planning for holiday uses persuading word , writing on different form of colours, make | |use of italic, bold, upper case and case to call attraction. The imagery showing the adult’s men and women dancing at the tower all these are form of drawing| |an attention of the people to come and spent their holiday at the Blackpool tower. | |The language used was a clear and understand English languages there were nothing contain dialect and is wasn’t formal or informal. The language was use | |effectively because on the poster you can see that the written word was design attractively on lower and upper case has different attracting colour and the | |languages was targeting the people planning on holiday. Paragraph 5 – Imagery and colours (3. 2) Compare and contrast the imagery and colours used in the advertisements. Here you must evaluate the imagery (pictures and graphics) contained in the two advertisements. Compare the imagery of the two advertisements and comment on the differences. You could discuss how you think the use of imagery and colours is perhaps more effective than the other in targeting the audience. Wh at does the imagery and colours suggest about the two holiday destinations? Evaluate how the colours in the advertisements create a mood? Are they vibrant and exciting, or plain and reassuring? As before, summarise how effective you think the imagery and colours used in the advertisements is in targeting the audience. Give evidence. |The imagery is displaying group pictures of young boys and girls at the beaches, cinema, airport, and car park; travelling on large vehicle also the code of | |dressing which is mostly for the young people and the language uses on it. This advert is to call attraction to draw the attention of the young once that’s | |planning for holiday by persuading them to come and spent holiday. On the other hand, the denotation of advert B is a Tower hall Blackpool the style of the | |adverts uses in the background is blue with yellow and red and dim warm colour and the written words are of red, blue, yellow and black. | |The image and the pictures contained in the two adverts are very different; the IBIZA has more features images of young people than the Blackpool. The colour| |used for both image is more effective because it is attractive poster whose ever see is would like to have a closer look what the advertisement for and these| |adverts is targeting many adults willing to go on holiday. The evidence used to compare to be a poster magazine contrast. | Paragraph 6 – Social, historical and cultural features – explicit and implicit (4. 1) Compare and contrast the social, historical and cultural features which are explicit and implicit in the two advertisements. For instance, in the Blackpool advertisement why do you think the advertisers show a prominent image of a postcard? Is this a social, historical or social feature? You must provide evidence. |The imagery of the social life styles these days are totally different from the time of 1990. This present time we are now has different kind of dressing | |compare to the time of 1990, like the young boys and girls at this present time we are now put on tight clothes like jeans, short sleeve wearing of boots, | |different kind of hair styles but some people still like the old hair style of 1960, but the hair styles this time is different compare to the time of 1990 | |when people use to have afro hair styles and the code of dressing now also different. The code has built in rules or signals indicating the message being | |given by a persons clothing and how it is worn. This message may include indications of the persons gender,  income, occupation and  social class, political,| |ethnic and religious affiliation,  attitude  and attitude towards comfort, fashion, traditions, gender expression, marital status, sexual availability and | |sexual orientation, etc. Clothes convey other social messages including the stating or claiming  personal  or  cultural identity, the establishing, maintaining,| |or defying social group  norms, and appreciating comfort and functionality and the technology this time has developed more and experience han the time of | |1990 the both young’s and adults people are now civilise, mature in every areas of their social life styles with now bring effect on cultures and tradition. | Paragraph 7 – Conclusion (1. 1, 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, 3. 1) For your conclusion, you must compare and contrast the two advertisements, evaluating how effective you think the advertising techniques used are with regard to th e audience the advertisers are targeting. I am going to compare adverts of IBIZA and Blackpool for the conclusion of the advertisement. The IBIZA was very effective because it draw the attention of | |young people to take part of the holiday programme it to make the young people to have interest on what they were adverting that why it was design with so | |many effective colour that can create an attraction. The techniques used to advertise the poster was aiming to the young’s people who are planning for a | |holiday. The Blackpool is aiming to the adults men and women and the techniques used for the advert was targeting the adults people planning on holiday. The | |effect of the advert written was clear and clean easy to read and understand the colour use are so bright and the photograph show on the advert is a sign to | |encourage people whose has not have the chance to dance for a period of time, if you love dancing and meeting new people this is your chance to dance. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Cosmetology Essay -- essays research papers

Cosmetology Cosmetology is working with skin, hair and nails. Which includes things like hair styling, cutting, coloring, shampooing, manicures, waxing, facials, etc. "More than a half a million people work as cosmetologists." (Careers For Woman Without College Degrees 254) It is a great profession for people who would like to have a career in the beauty industry. It's a great career for a mother in a two income family or if you're just living on your own. This career is not only for woman, it is also great for men. The pay is not that bad, but usually wouldn't workout for a single mother with more than one kid, unless she owned her own business. A beginner will make between $12,000 and $13,000 a year. After you are more experienced you could make between $18,000 to $24,000 a year. There are not any benefits that are definate. When you find a salon to work at, you discuss benefits with the person who hires you, but if you own your own salon, you have no benifits, but you can decide your own vacations. As a cosmetologist you usually would work a full work day. Most people work 44 hours a week, but some work 48 hours or more. There are many ways to get schooling to be a cosmetologist. You could go to either a public or private vocational school, which some high schools offer. You could also go to a beauty school. You ...

Clinton Administration Foreign Drug Policy In Colombia :: essays research papers fc

Since the introduction of narcotics in the United States, American society has felt the effects of drug use in all aspects of daily living. As drug use heightened to new levels in the 1980's the Bush Administration chose to declare a "war" on drugs. Never before in our history had crime been combated with war. This war led to the militarization of the United States' tactics for overcoming illegal drug use in the U.S. Instead of choosing to combat drug use by putting greater effort into reducing demand the Bush Administration chose to decrease illegal drug supply. This required reducing drug supplies from Latin America, an area where most of the illegal drugs are produced and trafficked. The Clinton Administration has chosen to maintain the drug "war". The administration has not changed the distribution of funds that are used for combating the drug problem. The drug war has continued to demonstrate limited success, yet militarization has increased along with spending. Since the beginning of the drug "war" Latin American nations have been targeted by the United States. Latin American nations are believed to be the among the major illegal drug producers in the world. Illicit drug cultivation has more than tripled in the last four or five years. Today, Colombia is the world's leading source of cocaine and the leading cultivator of coca, the raw material for cocaine (Reuters). In 1986 Washington passed the International Narcotics Control Act which required foreign countries to cooperate with U.S. efforts in drug-enforcement. The countries could not be "certified" by the U.S. unless they complied with U.S. demands. The executive order given by the President is passed through Congress, where it is negotiated and then ratified. Certification means a continuation of aid from the United States and gains U.S. favor in international financial situations. Most Latin American countries oppose the process but agree to the laws demanded (Casteneda). Colombia is included in the group of nations seeking re-certification every year. In 1996 Colombia did not receive certification, but was given a "vital national interest waiver". In 1997 Colombia again failed to be certified by the U.S. because it was believed that the Colombian government was not doing everything in its power to combat narcotics. The penalties for decertification included the prohibition of more than $1.5 billion in U.S. trade financing and investment guarantees. "Decertification" also means that the U.S. is obliged to vote against multilateral loans for Colombia in international financial institutions.

Foresic thing

Emily Wilson Marcy Mrs. Myers Mr. Thompson -Dbl occupancy paid $9 extra. -Why would she report the crime if she did it -Defensive when asked questions -No alibi -Receipt shows she was not alone in the hotel room. -Appeared inconsolable as she straightened papers -Suspected of infidelity – Never got permission -Backpack with evidence from crime scene. -Knew the forest very well.Timeline Of Events 8:00 am Monday May 14 -Police respond to a report of missing person at Middle State University -First nterview was with Marcy by officer Stansky -According to Marcy, Professor Klein left for a field trip located near Jacob Falls around 5:15 last Friday night. -Dr. Myers was a secretive and competitive man -Warm weather, heavy decomposition 8:30 Tuesday 15 – Mrs. Myers said that her husband lives in a motel out in Jacob Falls -He had an office out in the community college -Last time she talked to him was around the time he called to tuck the kids in around 8:30. 0:05 Tuesday May 15 -Dr. Myers has research assistance Always Jealous of professor Klein -Emily said that she was at a young archaeologists conference all weekend and also had a receipt. -Emily said she wasn't expecting him until next week when asked why she didn't report him missing. -Late Thursday evening professor Klein's body was found lying supine along the banks of the creek. 5:45 Friday May 18 -No shoe / footprints -No physical wound due to maggot activity -Heavvy downpour and flooding occurred Saturday and light rain on Tuesday night.Heavvy maggot activity on and around professor Klein's body, both feeding and migrating. -Place look ransacked. Going over the details I believe that Emily Wilson was the murderer ot botn protessor Klein and Dr. Myers. Professor Klein might have died Tuesday may 15. Emily and Dr. Myers kidnapped Professor Klein because they were both Jealous and Emily decided that she was going to kill professor Klein on the low but then Dr. Myers saw her do it so then Emily had to kill dr. Myers too.

Engaging Religions To Shape Worldviews Example

Engaging Religions To Shape Worldviews Example Engaging Religions To Shape Worldviews – Article Example Engaging Religions to Shape Worldviews Religion remains an integral part and a critical aspect in the lives of many today; despite the fact, no all people are religious by nature. Contrary to common opinions that religion is important only for the religious, current trends have ideally changed such a perception as it currently plays a substantive role in the shaping of worldviews. Many have believed that religion only entail matters of personal, private belief and as such, never plays any significant role in either public life or in the contemporary world. Religion has a critical role it plays in creating sustainable cultures. Based on such an approach, it is evident that climate change remains a global challenge today. Different religious groups are currently in plans of addressing such challenges, through the formation of partnerships with concerned organizations such as United Nations, where religious groups work towards greening of activities aimed towards reducing aspects such a s climate change, deforestation, and water scarcity (Gardener 23). Previous studies have revealed an increased potential in faith communities becoming potentially influential as gateways to discussions pertaining to environmental protection (Gardener 24). Such a perspective is in addition to the aspect religious gathering becoming education forums for network building, cooperation towards initiating peace and engagements in the communities. The major drivers of environmental impact such as technology and populations have ideally increased elements of consumerism. Even though religion has not taken a strong stand on matters pertaining to consumerism, which contribute significantly to environmental degradation, religion has advocated simple living and such elements that have little impact on the environmental degradation (Gardener 26). Based on the aspects addressed above, it is clear that indeed religion has played a significant role in shaping worldviews, contrary to common opinion that religion only involves matters of personal, private belief and does not play a significant role in public life or the contemporary world.Work CitedGardener Gary. State of the World. Engaging Religions to Shaping Worldviews, Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability. The world Watch Institute, 2010.

Leadership and Change Management Research

Leadership and Change Management Research Free Online Research Papers Introduction The ability to change and flexibility are important for the success of any organization. By using change models, businesses can assess the necessity for changes within their organization. Some of the changes that a business makes depend on the strategic plan, personalities of the employees, and the leadership styles that the employee’s personalities require. Our team has been asked to examine the differences in change models, leadership styles, challenges with change, and success factors of multiple organizations. By doing so our team can gain a better understanding of what models are appropriate to the organizations and how critical those models are to the organizations’ success. General Electric and Chrysler – Tawana Keels General Electric At the time, Jack Welch became CEO of General Electric the companies market value was $13 billion dollars, in 2000 when Jack Welch stepped down as CEO, market value was over $500 billion dollars, GE had became the most valuable company in the entire world (General Electric, 2010). When Jack became CEO, he attracted plenty of attention, although he was known for being a transformational leader, he was also known for being direct and abrasive, this much different from his predecessor (Business Week, 2004). Although he did not have a master plan for restructuring GE, he had a vision of what he wanted the company to be. Like CrysTel CEO, Jack Welch knew his company had to be flexible and adapt to constant change. Additionally, he knew the company would need a complete restructuring and a dismantling of the bureaucracy that existed within GE. But the concept of change would not be completely accepting by the staff at GE. Similar to CrysTel, Jack Welch encountered a great deal of resistance to change. According to our class material, resistance to change is an emotional response to actual or imagined threats to an established work routine (Kreitner Kinicki, 2004). Unfortunately, not all people have positive responses to change. Resistance to change is by fear, lack of trust, and unwillingness to discover new ideas. Implementing his vision would not be easy; his response to this issue would be swift and aggressive. He would initially sell off many unprofitable business lines and began trimming GE from â€Å"top down.† Second he would introduce the Work Out concept, a results-focused approach to solving problems (Business Week, 2004). Last, he would implement a quality program, which would process efficient first-class products. Although his response was swift and aggressive, they would put GE in an excellent position. However, during his first tenure, Jack would conduct mass lay-offs, more than 100,000 workers (25%) of the workforce would lose their jobs (Business Week, 2004). The outcome would garner many critics. Although his management strategy tends to more controversial, his contribution to General Electric will never be disputed. Chrysler America has been in worst economic situation since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Most businesses in America have seen a steep decline in consumer spending, which has had a considerable affect on the bottom line. The decline in consumer spending coupled with an increase in competition, consumers demand for innovative and economical solution to everyday life – businesses have been forced to change how they conduct business. This is the common issue for both CrysTel Communications and Chrysler Corporation are facing. CrysTel and Chrysler companies are finding that external forces are requiring them to be flexible and adapt to frequent change. Both must reexamine their organizational structure and implement new programs that will make them competitive to increase revenue and sales. Both have to be flexible and adapt to continuous change. Similar to CrysTel, the last two years the Chrysler Corporation has seen a consistent decrease in sales. To respond, the automaker under went a total restructuring, from hiring a new CEO, developing more fuel-efficient vehicles, to selling off its unprofitable assets, and terminating dealership agreements with 25% of its dealerships. However, this would prove not to be enough, to increase sales. In 2007 total American sales were down 3.1%, but the situation would prove to grow worse, the following year sales were down 30% (New York Times, 2009) Chrysler executives realized that the company would need financial help stay in business. To aid Chrysler in continuing their operations, the federal government loaned the company almost seven billion dollars (Voice of America, 2009) During the spring of last year, the Chrysler Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection coincidently, the CEO announced he would leave as once the bankruptcy was over (Voice of America, 2009) Additionally, Chrysler would receive more funding from the US Government, more than one billion to be exact. For Chrysler, the following year would be even worse, in 2009 sales dip below one million – the worst sales figures in almost 50 years. During this transition, Chrysler hired a new CEO Sergio Marchionne – for 2010 he says his goal is to sale 1.1 million cars (USA Today, 2010). Palos and South Deering Supply Corporation – Debra Newcombe Palos Palos is a medium-sized, well-established manufacturing company that has six plants nationwide and approximately 4700 employees. Palos (fictitiously named because of the three-year involvement with the program) has agreed to involve its management and employees in a Management by Objectives (MBO) program to determine if the company has sufficient job satisfaction levels. The MBO survey done on Palos is the same MBO implemented with Purex Corporation with favorable results including better communication and understanding of the company’s goals (Donnelly, Ivancevich, Lyon, 1970). The personnel manager handled every aspect of the MBO at Palos, but before initiating the program a questionnaire referred to as the Porter job satisfaction instrument was distributed to the managers. After finishing the questionnaire, the initial findings for the long-term goals were formally documented and given to all levels of management. Long-term goals are important in determining â€Å"what the company would like to become† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2003, p. 92). After the company’s long-term goals were set, each department determined the short-term goals and submitted those plans to the personnel department. Short-term goals are important in an organization because they lay the foundation for the long-term goals. Then the managers set one-year goals and distributed copies to supervisors and subordinates for their review. Goal-setting has always been important in organizations to determine if employees are motivated and have a sense of job satisfaction. However, unlike CrysTel, whose surveys were geared toward all personnel, Palos presented surveys to management only. This type of leadership style is defined as directive leadership, in which employees are not involved with decisions and company goals. CrysTel’s management is defined as a servant-leader type relationship with subordinates because of the company’s involvement with the company’s long-term, short-term goals, and job satisfaction surveys. The differences in leadership styles between CrysTel and Palo’s is that CrysTel empowers all employees to make decisions about goals and needs, Palos does not. At the time of the survey, the challenges with Palos are the negative feedback for the implementation of additional paperwork the new goals set forth. The future challenges for Palos management is to teach them to become leaders versus managers, empower employees, and develop teams to reach short and long-term goals. South Deering Supply Corporation Like Palos, South Deering (whose real company name was also withheld) is a medium-sized, well-established organization with about 4,000 employees. Unlike Palos, South Deering has only one plant in a small Midwestern town. South Deering agreed to perform the MBO on its employees and also chose to use management as a catalyst for this study. South Deering chose top managers to teach the philosophies of the study to the other employees (Donnelly, Ivancevich, Lyon, 1970). South Deering’s approach to the MBO mirrored that of Palos with the long and short-range goals implemented by the managers. The exceptions to the similarity were that the goals at South Deering were submitted to a committee for review and the evaluation of goal attainment was done every three months instead of annually. As with Palos, the management at South Deering were directive as well, but the outcome of the results were different with South Deering as it boasted more positive results in employee needs satisfaction. The study infers the difference between the outcomes at Palos and South Deering is the involvement at South Deering with the top managers in goal-setting rather than the personnel manager used at Palos. Personnel managers are far less apt to express the results of goals in a quantifiable measurement than top managers. Another positive outcome in the study referred to the shorter frequency of review on the goals as a contributing factor to the MBO’s success. Palos and South Deering Supply Corporation Synopsis’s Like CrysTel, Palos and South Deering’s employees had low levels of job satisfaction, which prompted the need for the MBO’s implementation. CrysTel’s employees were more involved in the survey process than Palos and South Deering, which enabled CrysTel to empower its employees and teams to set specific goals and create motivation. Palos and South Deering could learn by benchmarking CrysTel’s methods to increase employee satisfaction and motivate employees through goal-setting and education. The feedback process showed significant improvements for both Palos and South Deering after the MBO was implemented. Although issues still existed, both companies had a solid base for which to put motivational theories to work. Using the Expectancy Theory of Motivation, both Palos and South Deering management would benefit from involving themselves in communicating standards to the employees, provide valid performance ratings, and set rewards accordingly. By implementing these steps, management could promote a positive work environment and insure future motivational goal setting participation. The leadership styles for Palos and South Deering should better suit the new MBO objectives. Because of Palos and South Deering’s former objectives, the directive style worked well for the employees; however, the new objectives promote the need for a more charismatic leadership style, which managers can use to motivate employees to be more involved in goal-oriented activities. In addition to the charismatic leadership style, Palos and South Deering could also benefit from the transactional leadership style for their management to promote a better relationship between the employees and management, something that either company has been able to achieve in the past. CrysTel was able to implement leadership changes within their organization from high structure – low consideration leadership to total employee empowerment within the teams. Ford Motor Company and General Motors – Donna Ray CrysTel has strong top executives, but its departmental leadership skills especially in the Marketing and Sales departments need to improve. With transformational leadership providing timely feedback and motivation in these departments, CrysTel will be able to adjust better its changing market conditions and provide smoother transitions during these times of change. Ford Motor Company In 2000 Ford Motor Company wanted to develop and improve their leadership skills and become more consumers friendly. Fords 2000 Corporate Citizen Report Chairman, William Clay Floyd, said the difference between a good and an excellent company is: A good company provides quality goods and services; an excellent one provides excellent goods and services and attempts to make the world a better place (Friedman, 2001). Ford began to look for ways to transform into a consumer focused company as a means of guaranteeing long-term financial success, and Ford understood this transformation would require leadership. Ford decided to develop the Leadership Development Center that offered a sequence of leadership programs that focus more on Fords core principles. Ford’s leadership programs created training for the development of transformational leaders through action learning, like Quantum Idea Projects (QIP) that promote critical and creative thinking, e-tools like the Internet and e-mail, incorporate work and life, and create business contact financially and organizationally (Friedman). This approach is what Ford identifies as total leadership. Over the course of these trainings through the Learning Development Center, members who worked with Quantum Idea Projects have developed effectively 600 projects with major business contacts, and a Ford’s current Supplier and Business Leadership project has seen $300 in profit for each vehicle (Friedman, 2001). The main focus of Ford’s Leadership Development Center is to build leaders with a consumer mindset, to incorporate full leadership, and to strengthen business alliances and be open to new ideas. Key Findings CrysTel could gain ideas from Ford by considering a leadership development program. CrysTel has come across constant changes in the unstable telecommunications market, and it will need quality leadership in its Marketing and Sales departments to supervise and grow with these changes. Leaders change his or her company through their vision, communication, and ability to build commitment (McShane Von Glinow, 2004). Alternative Solutions Although CrysTel presently has good upper management leaders; a leadership development program could be develop to help improve leadership styles and skills in its Marketing and Sales departments and direct the development of training programs centered on CrysTels core principles and a changing culture. General Motors The Service Parts Operations (SPO) of General Motors is in charge of ensuring GM dealers, distributors, and vendors have the correct part at the right time at the correct price (Davis, Lucas, Marcotte, 1998). Although SPO employees gave an account of strong financial performances and output, the divisions general manager, Bill Lovejoy, learned that the SPO division was not meeting its customers needs. Lovejoy believed that the next level of productivity could be accomplish with the evaluation of leadership style and managerial skills, and so Lovejoy hired Design Dimensions International (DDI) to evaluate desired management competencies, perform the training, and offer individual coaching (Davis, Lucas, Marcotte, 1998). The evaluation was executed over a two-day period on a direct group of managers, clerks, and supervisors. After evaluations were performed each employee developed a training plan with his or her DDI coach who focused on management simulations and skills like developing accountability, communication, and customer relations. Training assessments and follow-ups are an ongoing process. The data result from the pilot group was compare to those of a controlled group and the results were remarkable. First, the pilot group saw major improvements with role clearness and personal influence, available resources, and the use of personal skills and acknowledgment. The performance ratings for the pilot employees outweighed those of the control group in areas: schedule achievement, excellence, production, health and safety, and absenteeism. The productivity improvement resulted in nearly $4.4 million savings to the operating budget (Davis, Lucas, Marcotte, 1998). Key Findings CrysTel could benefit from the works of an outside group who could assess their current leadership proficiencies. Proficiencies cover a broad range of personal characteristics like knowledge, skills, abilities, and values (McShane Von Glinow, 2004). Improved leadership will help CrysTel build a culture that can sustain continual change. Alternative Solutions If the budget allows, CrysTel could employ one or two consultants to evaluate leadership proficiencies and develop personalized training programs that center on communication, and adjust to change. Department of Health and JC Penney – Tamira Summers Department of Health Technology, size and strategy increased in ways that decreased positive attitudes and caused resistance for the WIC program within the organization. Although new technology is important, the state continues to work in a DOS system. The strategy is serves clients more efficiently and quickly to reach more of the public that needs the service. Later as statistic reviews are discussed and shared with corporate and county departments, will help solidify the cost, use, and contract of the software. Looking at new technology advances will takes retraining for new comers not familiar with DOS programs or have not used DOS in years. As the state contracts with different vendors for functional software that assists various programs with doing daily job duties, the use of it is exciting. Workers can work faster and provide services more proficiently. On the other hand, as the new programs are used more often, the possibility of an overload can occur which may cause it to shut down more frequently. This would account for the popularity of the program, meaning it started small and became bigger and bigger. What happens is that it allows us to service the public more and the more we service our system appears not to handle the traffic well. This means that more ram, memory and all that good technology talk needs revamping. The WIC provides women, infant and children with dietary counseling to ensure they are eating healthier during pregnancy, postpartum, and the children up to age five. As clients receive counseling, many are excited about the new foods they will receive for the children but also their self. The checks have increased with numerous amounts of food and variety of foods listed, but at the same time, foods they were able to purchase either have been changed or eliminated from the program. One of the most challenging educational explanations for milk is the decrease in percentage. Many believe they should be able to have what they had before and continue to challenge Nutritional Educators saying, â€Å"My child will not drink anything other than whole milk or two percent.† Other challenges also include wanting milk that the hospital gives and the program uses another company name whose formula is compatible. It requires a medical referral to receive other brands because there is a particular reason for needing that brand. Others include simple complaints such as â€Å"the bread is hard to find† or â€Å"I waited for this formula to come in and it never did; now my check has expired.† Simple solution, go to another store and find it. Most clients are excited and share the newly imposed foods and benefits to their friends or family. JC Penney As a major chain in retail, JC Penney desire is to make shopping a pleasure and price merchandise within the general consumer budget. As a previous employee, the company sold cosmetics. These brands were sister brands some big box retailers and sought to service ethnic groups of all sorts. In addition, some lines were very European and rare to see at that time in JC Penney. As the economy changed, the cosmetic and fragrance lines were discontinued. In an effort to introduce other strategic move, the space use for accessories took over. Other departments expanded their space and were able to increase in merchandise; other areas underwent a redesign such as jewelry. Resizing other departments indicated a strategy move to increase in revenue and meet more of the consumer demands. With the missing cosmetic market, JC Penney could not compete with other major department stores such as Dillard’s, Belk’s and Parisian at that time. â€Å"Also a re-introduction of cosmet ics included the installation of Sephora inside JC Penney located in some key stores. Beginning in 2007 the store slogan changed from â€Å"It’s All Inside† to â€Å"Every Day Matters.† Many major cosmetic designers sought companies that had the look of what they wanted to sell as well as the type of clients they wanted to sell to. Looking forward, the strategic move to eliminate the department did not just vanish. After years of going without a cosmetic department, Sephora introduced itself once again as a partner with JC Penney. Desiring to compete and meet the customer request along with many other back office dealings, Sephora brought added life to the company. This strategic move was necessary for competition but also to reenter a competitive cosmetic market with the help of another prominent line that caters to a variety of cultures. Technological bases in this industry focuses on Internet telecommunication, material, and biotechnology. JCPenny’s is a giant in apparel retail; the right material is necessary and must provide a form of comfort to customers. Take for instance, the new sketcher shoes designed to help support the back and strengthen muscles in the legs, hips, and butt area. The technical design of the shoe provides a heel to toe rocking motion that guides the proper walking notion. The same is cosmetics, which the chemical balance is necessary to support the natural body’s hormonal reactors. Most current is the anti-aging serums. JC Penney realizes the market for vanity is serious and is a multibillion-dollar industry. In addition, this line of cosmetics is fun, trendy, and sophisticated meeting ages of sorts. In addition, JC Penney offers online purchasing and phone purchases. Without some of the technological advances in Internet and telecommunications, some clients would not shop at their favorite store. The company continues to grow in popularity and size. The need to build in convenient locations as well as go international is reason to adapt to change. Compare and Contrast Department of Health for Duval County technological advances are state approve. For new software and machines to come into the different sights for our division has identified the need for it. The new program implemented helps increase in speed and accuracy of serving the public, which the division caters to. Better technology in programming removes the use of a DOS system despite functions used to input information. As more and technology programs are designed to meet the functions of government programs, the use of old technology will completely disappear and eventually the state will meet more challenges with precision. JC Penney technology avenues have increased with Internet shoppers and transforming them into buyers. â€Å"In 1998, J.C. Penney launched its third channel for shopping convenience. Its Internet store has grown into one of the largest apparel and home furnishings retail sites on the Internet. Among its general merchandise peers, the on-line store has the highest rate (10.1%) of converting site visitors into buyers.† Between Internet and telecommunications, JC Penney continues to compete not just in the physical store but virtually as well. The both meet the needs of the consumer, but one lags behind in the combination of Windows and DOS programming. The move to reach the consumer is greater for JC Penney because of the technological advances and apparel industry. In order for Department of Health to reach the consumer is more challenging because the use of some technology such as the Internet is not readily available to clients, but word of mouth is an important tool relied upon to attract the clients we need. Department of Health size is based on the size of the county and the number of residents that need the program. Jacksonville, Florida is the largest county here and the number of residents is over 800,000. Our goal is to service at least 95% of the county. Many also come from neighboring counties, but they are not without their county division. Because of the size of the county, more opportunity is here to reach those in need. Surrounding counties have only one office clients can travel to. Thanks to funding and clients, the county has more offices for WIC, but also for medical attention and dental attention. JC Penney started business in 1902 and continues to thrive decades later. Almost going bankrupt, this retail leader has survived more challenges than many other departments who eventually closed its doors. In this current age, JC Penney moves forth in size and has retailer itself to meet fashion trends, refocus areas of greater need and continues to grow as a retail giant. Once introducing cosmetics and doing away with its cosmetic department, the company was able to expand in different areas meeting a different consumer demand for apparel and accessories. As the organization revisited the cosmetic industry, it reintroduced its self with a new hot and trendy cosmetic line named Sephora. This company contracted with JC Penney and increased the cliental and financial reward of this industry. One company size can focus on demographical need; the other industry can focus on a need to clothe the demographical area. It also relies on another industry that attracts clients through media, marketing, and trend. The other attracts customers through a need and not a desire. One helps feed the population and the other feeds off the population. This may be an unfair analysis, but respectively true to its industry. The Department of Health strategy is based on grants through the United States Government. Identifying and analyzing the needs of the public, there is a strategic analysis that shows the state why requests are in need. Statistics such as infant mortality, obesity, doctor visits and so on indicate why new programs or increase funding for existing programs are in need. Forecasting for the future to reach a percentage of customers will set forth other strategies that will continue to offer help to those in need. JC Penney strategy is trend focus. To remain competitive and meet consumer desires, the company relies of buyers and designers to set forth the next wave of colors, materials, cuts, chemical serums and technology use to help set the stage for upcoming changes. Virtual communication has led the company to implement a new shopping habit through Internet use. Technology is the future and seeking ingenious technological outlets to meet and exceed consumer desires are all part of the ability to forecast strategic moves. Conclusion The ability to change and adapt are important in today’s organizations. Change models assist businesses in developing goal-setting skills and understanding employees. Organizations that can identify specific leadership skills among their managers can implement changes such as education and training to improve their performance as well as the performance of the employees with whom they supervise. Empowering employees with the ability to make decisions, be creative, and provide input can be a valuable asset to any organization. Our team was asked to research and assess multiple companies that have endured change and continue to be successful because of their flexibility. References Business Week (2004). Jack Welch: Management Evangelist. Retrieved from businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_43/b3905032_mz072.htm Davis, S. R., Lucas, J. H., Marcotte, D. R., (1998, April). GM links better leaders to better business. Workforce, 77(4): 62-64:66+, Retrieved February 28, 2007, from RDS Business Suite database. Donnelly, J., Ivancevich, J., and Lyon, H. A Study of The Impact of Management By Objectives On Perceived Need Satisfaction. Personnel Psychology; Summer70, Vol. 23 Issue 2, p139-151, 13p. Retrieved January 24, 2010 from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=6263059site=ehost-live Friedman, S. D., (2001, March). Leadership DNA: The Ford Motor story: Training Development, 55(3), Retrieved February 28, 2007, from RDS Business Suite database. General Electric (2010). GE Past Leaders: John F. Welch Jr., Biography. Retrieved from ge.com/company/history/bios/john_welch.html JC Penney (2009). JC Penney: Then Now. Retrieved January 24, 2010 from www.JC Penney-coupons.com Kinicki, A., Kreitner, R., 2003. Organization Behavior, Sixth Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies McShane, S. Von Glinow, M., (2004). Organizational behavior: Emerging realities for the workplace revolution (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. New York Times. (2009). A short history of Chrysler. Retrieved from nytimes.com/2009/05/01/business/01history.html USA Today. (2010). Chrysler CEO Promises Five New Models for 2010. Retrieved from http://content.usatoday.com/topics/article/Brands/Automotive/Jeep+Grand+Cherokee /0fg78aW4eq5Vd/1 Voice of America. (2009). Obama Reject GM, Chrysler Bailout Plans. Retrieved from http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-03-30-voa37-68812652.htm Research Papers on Leadership and Change Management ResearchAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of India

Free Essays on Cyber

Thwarting Cyber Terrorism As technology’s benefits have made computers an increasingly important part of our society, an accurate and candid assessment of the risk of catastrophic cyber attacks has become a national priority. Criminal hackers could seriously threaten the operation of businesses and governments across the nation and around the world. The threat is real, increasing and already has proven costly. The variety and severity of computer viruses that have spread across the Internet in just the last few years underscores the impact. Cyber attacks – ranging from the "ILOVEYOU" virus to the "Trinoo" attacks and the recent "Ramen, Lion" and "Code Red" worms – have cost an estimated $5 billion. Today, computer systems are at the heart of government operations ranging from the smallest city hall to the Pentagon. They are an essential part of the critical infrastructures that drive our economy, including telecommunications, energy transmission, financial services, manufacturing, water distribution, transportation and health care. Securing these critical infrastructures will require close collaboration between government and the private sector, continued efforts to enhance technology security, tougher penalties for cyber crimes and increased funding for law enforcement efforts to fight it. Today, criminal hackers are working around the clock and around the world to find and exploit vulnerabilities in software, steal data, violate people’s privacy and maliciously shut down computer networks. Additional resources are needed by the Department of Justice and the FBI to hire, train and equip agents and prosecutors specializing in cyber crime. International cyber crime laws and penalties must be strengthened. The author of the "Lovebug" virus remains free because his nation did not have cyber crime laws. The "AnnaKournikova" virus caused billions of dollars in damage, but the individual who distributed it received onl... Free Essays on Cyber Free Essays on Cyber Thwarting Cyber Terrorism As technology’s benefits have made computers an increasingly important part of our society, an accurate and candid assessment of the risk of catastrophic cyber attacks has become a national priority. Criminal hackers could seriously threaten the operation of businesses and governments across the nation and around the world. The threat is real, increasing and already has proven costly. The variety and severity of computer viruses that have spread across the Internet in just the last few years underscores the impact. Cyber attacks – ranging from the "ILOVEYOU" virus to the "Trinoo" attacks and the recent "Ramen, Lion" and "Code Red" worms – have cost an estimated $5 billion. Today, computer systems are at the heart of government operations ranging from the smallest city hall to the Pentagon. They are an essential part of the critical infrastructures that drive our economy, including telecommunications, energy transmission, financial services, manufacturing, water distribution, transportation and health care. Securing these critical infrastructures will require close collaboration between government and the private sector, continued efforts to enhance technology security, tougher penalties for cyber crimes and increased funding for law enforcement efforts to fight it. Today, criminal hackers are working around the clock and around the world to find and exploit vulnerabilities in software, steal data, violate people’s privacy and maliciously shut down computer networks. Additional resources are needed by the Department of Justice and the FBI to hire, train and equip agents and prosecutors specializing in cyber crime. International cyber crime laws and penalties must be strengthened. The author of the "Lovebug" virus remains free because his nation did not have cyber crime laws. The "AnnaKournikova" virus caused billions of dollars in damage, but the individual who distributed it received onl...

Suggest how an economist would approach the problem of alcohol abuse Essay

Suggest how an economist would approach the problem of alcohol abuse - Essay Example Numerous examinations on this subject have been conducted by economist to determine the impact of the price of alcoholic beverages to alcohol consumption. Despite the varied nature of the researches conducted, the conclusion is common. That an increase in the price of alcoholic beverages results to a decline in drinking and heavy drinking, as well as the consequences of alcohol use and abuse. This is in direct relevance to the fundamental law of economics called the downward sloping demand curve. It states that, as the price of a product rises, the quantity demanded for that product decreases. Another way to curb the abuse of alcohol is the use of government policy. Economists have found that the most ignored policy of controlling alcohol abuse is the most effective and important (Chaplouka, Grossmann & Saffer, 2002). This is the raising of the taxes levied on all alcoholic beverages. The decline of federal, state and local taxes on alcoholic beverages over the years by considerably high margins is a show of ignorance to this policy. The effectiveness of this policy of this policy is due to the fact that the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages has been found to be sensitive to price. However, to address the matter with economical intellect the policy should be implemented after accounting for the effects of inflation. Prescription drugs fall under the industry of pharmaceuticals, which is funded in the country as part of Research and Development. In the recent past and the present this industry has been found to have very large costs of maintaining and they are always fixed. It is estimated that twenty percent of sales from research based pharmaceuticals has been devoted to research and development compared to four percent for other industries (Nebbit, 2000). This huge investment in relation to prescription drugs, therefore, results to high prices for these products. Since the products are essential for life, their consumption is fixed and may not be greatly

Spreadsheet Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spreadsheet Report - Essay Example A company’s income statement is perhaps more important because it shows whether or not the business has achieved or failed to achieve its primary objective-earning a ‘profit’ or ‘net income’ Initially, Paid-up capital of Rose, Aisha, John and David was  £2000 for the initial stock purchases in order to start their enterprise commercial activities which were received from Rose, Aisha, John and David as an equal shares of  £500 each partner. During the year 2007/08 the following financial transaction occurred. Although the enterprise has a good return on employed capital which is approximately thee time more than the capital employed, but the same time there is big difference between G.P margin and N.P margin which 33.76% (60.36%-26.60%) it means the enterprise bearing significant expenses as well the enterprise paid a big total of payable tax 1088.83 which is 17.5% of the profit before tax. In order to get the optimum profit margin the enterprise should reduce their expenses. Each of the partners Rose, Aisha, John and David had contributed and equal amount of share which is  £500 of the total paid –up capital with this connection all the profit of the enterprise will be distributed at the same ratio to all the partners as shown below: The total sales of the enterprise for the first year calculated as  £19297.10 but if the enterprise intended to increase its income by 20% from the first year with this intention the enterprise would have to increase its sales by  £3859.42 which would reach  £23156.52 for the year 2008/09. Therefore the enterprise would have to increase its purchases by 20% as like for the first year cost of goods sold was  £7650 so the enterprise will have to purchase the additional goods by 20% which will increase the expenditure by  £1530 and the total cost of goods sold will be amounted to  £9180.The whole budgeting scenario for the year ended 2008/09 is illustrated as below. By

Clifford and James Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clifford and James - Essay Example Clifford, therefore, could justify that the truth that the car is blue because believes in the weight of authority. He understands that the car cannot be red and blue at the same time. According to the weight of authority, something cannot possess the qualities of both truth and false concurrently because a lot of knowledge exists to counter such as an argument. Consequently, a car can only be blue and nothing else. It is supported by the law of excluded middle that affirms that an object can only possess two qualities namely truth or false. Clifford, thus, acknowledges that if the car is not blue, then it is not a car. However, Clifford could also say God does not exist. According to constructivist theorists, truth is a construction of varying social processes that encompass overt questioning on modes of thought. As a result, it is upon Clifford to determine his knowledge of God through different perceptions that is always influenced by through representations of physical and biological reality. Determination of objective truth on the veracity of God’s existence is, hence, deflected by the social construction of the individual compounded by the factors false ideology, power or knowledge. James equally has the right to claim God exists and adduce enough evidence of proving his claim. This is because validity of a claim rests on evidentialism, overbelief, and faith. In formulating his argument, James will assert that God exists because his conditioning is guided by social processes of a strong faith. It differs from the conflict of Clifford’s view that God does not exist on the basis that their realities of knowledge differ (James 7). For example, while James’s reality is pegged on the distinct identity of a Supreme Being, his counterpart bears contradictions on the concept of God in the aspect of context. I agree with James in regards to statement (A) that God exists and not Clifford because the concept of belief is what

Nestle Infant Formula Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nestle Infant Formula - Article Example The mothers who were from an economically weaker section diluted the free milk samples provided in order to avoid buying the powder. In addition these people also used unsterile water to mix the milk. While these were the problems with the free samples sold, the advertisements shown by the company showed white women feeding the formula feed to their infants. This gave an impression that modern mothers only bottle-feed their babies and when the free samples were given to mothers immediately after the delivery they were more inclined to bottle-feed their infants. All these lead to reduced breast-feeding, malnutrition in the infants and also increased the mortality rate. I believe that the marketing technique followed by the company was in no way illegal and that a moral code of ethics was followed in the business of marketing their infant milk formula. In the present case I argue that the company was in no way morally inclined to change its marketing strategy. As a producer of infant foods the advertisements and sale of free sachets of milk powder was well within the ethical standards. Instead of blaming the company it would have been appropriate if more awareness was created on the importance of breast-feeding and the circumstances under which formula milk could be introduced to the infant. Such awareness is definitely required in developing countries such as Africa. Merely targeting the company would not solve the issue as it would not be of much help in preventing mothers from feeding formula milk to their infants as a substitute for breast milk. Having a frank and open-minded discussion would always help to arrive at an early conclusion. In the case of the Nestle Infant Milk Formula case my decision would comply with the marketing strategies adopted by the company as it is lawful and has followed a moral code of ethics. An open discussion about the possible methods

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Case Study - Essay Example Starting with the establishment of the first store in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas, Sam Walton together with his brother had managed to grow the firm to 32 stores spread across four states by 1969, when Wal-Mart Stores, Inc was incorporated, and subsequently to 330 stores spread across 11 states by 1980, culminating in 1,402 Wal-Mart Stores and 123 Sam’s Wholesale Club outlets covering 29 states by Jan 1990 with Sales of over $25.8 billion. In fact, back in 1977, Forbes magazine had ranked Wal-Mart first in the discount retailing industry based on parameters such as return on equity, return on capital, sales growth, and earnings growth. To understand the reasons behind such phenomenal performance it will be prudent to look at some financial performance parameters of Wal-Mart and its competitors, and then to look at how competitive forces act in this industry using Porter’s Five forces model. b) During the same period, the performance figures of other major competitors as given in Exhibit 5 of the case show that Sears and Kmart had recorded an average annual sales growth rate of just 7.8% and 7.9% respectively, while Target had recorded 12.9%. This indicates that Wal-Mart was way ahead of competition in sales growth. c) Wal-Mart also ensured that this sales growth was accompanied by excellent returns to stockholders by maintaining the profitability despite such growth in sales. Thus net earnings increased from $0.55 billion in 1981 to $1.90 billion in 1990, with EPS growing from $0.11 million to $1.90 million d) On this count again Wal-Mart was way above competitors clocking an average growth rate of 30.3% on Return on Equity (ROE), and 32.9% on EPS as against Sears (11.1%; 8.0%), Kmart (13.5%; 12.6%), and Target (15.2%; 14%). e) Wal-Mart had also managed its working capital very well with a current ratio ranging from a low of 1.66 to a high of 2.07 during this decade, primarily through excellent management of inventories, achieving an

Nestle Infant Formula Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nestle Infant Formula - Article Example The mothers who were from an economically weaker section diluted the free milk samples provided in order to avoid buying the powder. In addition these people also used unsterile water to mix the milk. While these were the problems with the free samples sold, the advertisements shown by the company showed white women feeding the formula feed to their infants. This gave an impression that modern mothers only bottle-feed their babies and when the free samples were given to mothers immediately after the delivery they were more inclined to bottle-feed their infants. All these lead to reduced breast-feeding, malnutrition in the infants and also increased the mortality rate. I believe that the marketing technique followed by the company was in no way illegal and that a moral code of ethics was followed in the business of marketing their infant milk formula. In the present case I argue that the company was in no way morally inclined to change its marketing strategy. As a producer of infant foods the advertisements and sale of free sachets of milk powder was well within the ethical standards. Instead of blaming the company it would have been appropriate if more awareness was created on the importance of breast-feeding and the circumstances under which formula milk could be introduced to the infant. Such awareness is definitely required in developing countries such as Africa. Merely targeting the company would not solve the issue as it would not be of much help in preventing mothers from feeding formula milk to their infants as a substitute for breast milk. Having a frank and open-minded discussion would always help to arrive at an early conclusion. In the case of the Nestle Infant Milk Formula case my decision would comply with the marketing strategies adopted by the company as it is lawful and has followed a moral code of ethics. An open discussion about the possible methods

Martin Luther King as a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Martin Luther King as a Leader - Essay Example It was through bold and inspirational speeches that King established a reputation as a great orator. However, this also painted him a radical and subject to federal surveillance for the rest of his life. In addition, King is recognized for his phlegmatic way of approaching crisis as he advocated for the rights of all. Martin Luther King Jr represented the African-American community, but in essence, this translates to all minority communities who lived an oppressed life. This oppression came about following colonization and the slave trade where the rights of those perceived to a weak community were subjected to a wide range of discrimination. Segregation and discrimination with regard to race, gender and education were outlawed following advocacy for civil rights. This marks a critical step towards generating independence among communities. This clearly illustrates that even as King fought for the rights of African-Americans, the benefits would be felt across different communities both regionally and nationally. King mounted a challenge to oppression by defying the status quo, which eventually got support from other members of the community other than African-Americans. However, there still exist a wide disparity based on ethnicity, race, religion and gender in modern America. This creates the need for more activism and effective leadership to bridge the gap, eliminating existing disparities. In order to take up leadership and advocate for change, one must consider every possible angle relevant to the vision he has. This way, his vision should illustrates the benefits of the intended changes and how best to effect it. In this regard, one should develop a vision in which he firmly believes in before making it a mission. Consequently, a leader seeking to transform the beliefs held by many must establish a vivid vision of

A ghost story Essay Example for Free

A ghost story Essay The Turn of the Screw is a story written in 1898 and from a governess point of view. In the main story the governess thinks the two children she is caring for are under the evil influence of two ghosts, Miss Jessel and Peter Quint. What we would expect from an opening to a ghost story written in 1898 is to be launched straight into the plot. We would expect this because this grips the readers attention and makes you want to read on. We would also expect the setting to be introduced because this makes you become involved in the story. We would expect the language to be complex because this is the style that was used in the eighteen hundreds. We would expect the characters to be introduced and to become real to the reader. We would expect this because the reader will not believe in the characters if they do not seem realistic. We would also expect atmosphere to be created because this prepares the reader for a ghost story and makes the reader feel part of the story. We would also expect tension to be created because this makes us want to read on. The Turn of the Screw is in some ways typical of an opening to a ghost story written in the eighteen hundreds because the style is complex: for the first sentence, which is long, dense and contains four conjunctions. This however suits the Turn of the Screw because it mirrors the complexity of the story. Similarly the Turn of the Screw is typical of an opening to a ghost story because atmosphere is created. There is a sinister feel created; this is because it is set on Christmas Eve in an old house. This prepares us for a ghost story that is about to be told. The group of strangers is sat round the fire in an old fashioned house. This gives the impression of a traditional setting for telling ghost stories. The fact that it is a group of strangers also makes it seem spookier. The atmosphere is emphasised when the members of the group pick up their candlesticks before they go to bed. This adds to the feeling that everything is very old fashioned and spooky. This is in keeping with ghost stories as they are usually set in old fashioned and have spooky atmosphere to them especially the setting. It also lets you imagine the scene of flickering candles in an old fashioned house. When Douglas goes up to bed the rest of the group heard his step on the stair. This gives the reader the impression that Douglas footsteps are echoing through the great brown hall. This adds to the atmosphere because the footsteps are echoing and spooky. The great brown hall also adds to the idea of the old fashioned house.

Cellular Metabolism and the Immune Response Control

Cellular Metabolism and the Immune Response Control PRESTES, A. F. R. O.1; KONDO, F. V.2; HUETE, G. C.3; MURILLO, O.4 Keywords: mTOR, metabolism, Akt, immune system, regulation, mitochondria, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory I. Introduction Metabolism and immune system: The metabolic system was seen only as a system of power generation and metabolites for the functioning of cells. Today we know that changes in metabolic regulation may interfere directly in diseases that involve inflammatory processes. Thus, knowledge of the relationship between metabolism and cell signaling helps in understanding metabolic disorders, cancer, and also in the study of immune response (1,2). The relationship between metabolic and regulatory aspects of the immune system is not yet fully known. Even with major discoveries on the subject, the metabolism of many cells of the immune system is unknown (1,2). The metabolic changes during phagocytosis of three types of immune cells from pigs, leukocytes and peritoneal exudate monocytes and alveolar macrophages. In this study it was observed that macrophages depend on oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy during phagocytosis, whereas the other two cells only use glycolysis to produce energy (3). Another study confirms the close relationship between immune system and metabolism, which showed that incubation of dendritic cells (differentiated in vitro) with LPS provides an increase in glucose consumption, increased formation of lactate and reduction in oxygen consumption. Furthermore, these changes also reflected in increased CD86 co-stimulatory molecule indicating a functional modulation of these cells (4). The need for meta bolic resources to build active components of the immune system, the messenger function of certain classes of metabolites and metabolites, and the intimate relationship between parasite and mammalian defense mechanism, which is probably immune regulatory events are reflected in the metabolism (5). The metabolic profile of the cells of the immune system is also important to provide a tool that generates a systemic metabolic description induced by the parasite in the host, promoting a new direction of the immune response during infection by the parasite (5). In most biological systems, there is a stimulus that triggers an effector response, which usually makes the system back to the starting point. Although having different primary functions, the immune system and metabolic pathways are arranged in the same manner as in serum glucose levels in thermogenesis or bacterial infection, where the lipopolysaccharide stimulates TLR-4 receptor, which promotes the release of TNF-ÃŽ ±, improving bactericidal activity and vascular permeability reducing infection (2). Metabolism and associated pathways Akt/PI3K/mTOR: As well as the metabolic pathways generate energy, the means of regulation of protein synthesis involves several intracellular signaling pathways such as Akt as Akt (serine/threonine kinase), expressed in heart, lung, brain and skeletal muscle. Various stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors and hormones, are responsible for the phosphorylation and activation of Akt, which is composed of three members, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 (6). The Akts proteins are recruited to the plasma membrane by PI3K, which acts as a lipid kinase. The Akt/PI3K pathway operates in promoting cell survival through evasion of apoptosis and cell proliferation through activation of mTOR in response to nutrient availability and to stimulation by growth factors. The mTOR protein stimulates translation that is required for cell cycle progression (7). mTORC1 activation is indirectly given when Akt phosphorylates TSC-2 one of the molecules of heterodimer TSC1 and TSC2, this activates the GTPase function of this heterodimer which reverses the inhibition of mTORC1, inhibiting RHEB to pass the ADP to ATP linked to this protein, by activation of cyclase function of the TSC heterodimer (8). Akt phosphorylation is important for neutralization and PRAS40, important for the activation and interactions mTOR1 and mTOR2 with their substrates (9). Thus, the mTOR pathway is also known as PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Despite the multiple substrates involved in this pathway. Additionally, Akt is not limited to this path and fulfills other functions at the cellular level. Metabolism and mTOR: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulation of many cellular events, such growth, survival, function, metabolism, and differentiation. It is constitutively expressed, and its regulation occurs predominantly post-translationally (7). This protein was discovery from searches about target of Rapamycin, that was originally found as a growth inhibitor which have immunosuppressive and anticancer properties (10). Additionally, due to the ability of mTOR activation to regulate metabolism, it promotes a crucial link connecting metabolic demands and cellular function (7). This link is mediated through the control of key transcriptional regulators. (11). mTOR fathers two functionally distinct signaling multi-protein complexes: mTORC1, which is composed of the scaffolding regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR), DEP domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR), Proline-Rich Akt Substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40), and mammalian Lethal with Sec13 protein 8 (mLST8); and mTORC2, which is composed of RAPTOR-independent companion of TOR (RICTOR), protein observed with RICTOR (PROTOR), mSIN1 proteins, mLST8 and DEPTOR. The connection of mTOR with these adapter proteins has functional distinct consequences (3,4). II. Metabolism and T cells differentiation Such described previously, the mTOR ability to play a role in cellular differentiation occurs through the regulation of transcription regulators. Follow, some these regulators and its role in metabolic programs regulation. HIF-1: The Hipoxia-inducible Factor is a hetrodimeric protein which regulates the expression of various genes crucial for cellular adaptation to a low-oxygen environment. This protein supports the differentiation of naà ¯ve CD4+ T cell to Th17 cell through the stabilization of the RORÃŽ ³t expression, as well as inhibits Treg differentiation through the inhibition of Foxp3, mediating its proteosomal degradation (3,5). Myc: The oncogenic transcription factor Myc regulates various metabolic pathways essentials for cellular growth and proliferation, such glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid oxidation (14). PPARÃŽ ±: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ÃŽ ± (PPARÃŽ ±) is a nuclear hormone receptor that regulates fatty acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, playing a role as a intracellular sensor of endogenous fatty acids. This receptor induces Treg differentiation and inhibits effector differentiation (11). PPARÃŽ ³: Like its homolog PPARÃŽ ±, PPARÃŽ ³ is a nuclear hormone receptor that regulates adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in cells. This receptor plays the same role in T cell differentiation (11). SREBP: The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) plays a critical role in regulating cellular lipogenesis, facilitating the anabolic enzymes transcription, which is involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis (11). This protein was found to associate with the IL17 promoter, where it interacts with and inhibits the activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This transcription factor is known to be important for expression of Th17-associated genes (5,7). Once the antigen is recognized, the integration of many factors from the microenvironment gives the effector fate of the naive CD4+ T cell. Until now, the T-cell subsets have been characterized only by their transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion profile. Nevertheless, it has currently proposed that each T-cell subset also hold a single metabolic profile and a corresponding set of signal requirements of mTOR complexes (11). According this metabolic classification, the T-cell would present these features: Th1 T cells phenotype exhibit a strong glycolytic phenotype and express high levels in surface of the Glut1 glucose transporter. Its development is dependent on the mTORC1 signaling complex (3,8). Th2 T cells phenotype also express high levels in surface of the Glut1 glucose transporter and exhibits a high rate of lactate production and glucose uptake following stimulation. These cells can develop in absence of mTORC1 but are dependent on the mTORC2 signaling complex (3,8). Th17 cells phenotype is the higher glycolytic T-cell subset. The IL-17-secreting CD4+ T cells development drastically decreases in T cells lacking mTOR, mTORC1 and treated with Rapamycin. Nevertheless, T cells lacking mTORC2 does not appear to have its development inhibited (3,8). Treg cells phenotype exhibits an oxidative metabolic profile which uses mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid oxidation to achieve energy. The treatment with process of glycolysis inhibitor compounds in naive CD4+ T cells importantly enhance its development, what also occurs with culture conditions that conduces to a low mTOR signaling (3,8). III. Regulation of cell B by mTORC The PI3K pathway to mTOR is required for B cell proliferation. Since the BCR is blocked by inhibition of mTOR. This was evidenced in mouse spleen cells, wherein inhibition of mTOR suppresses the proliferation and differentiation of B cells by CD40 (10,11). In humans, Rapamycin suppresses B cell proliferation when is activated in the presence of CD40L and B cell inducing cytokines. Rapamycin prevents antibody-mediated apoptosis, generating a reduction of B cells that produce IgG and IgM, also suppresses the production of cytokines that induce proliferation of B cells and IgM, as IL-2 in inflammation conditions (18). Some authors suggest that mTOR regulates IL-17, which is important in the proliferation of pro-B cells. Thus, if rapamycin in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines is evidence that IL-17 induces apoptosis in these cells is used. But when S1N1, an important element of mTORC2, is suppressed cell survival is increased possibly by the increased expression of IL-7R (20). In mature B cells, activation of TLRs and BCR induces activation of mTOR, even so, have been identified as Akt independently of mTOR regulates the BCR and this is accomplished by inactivating FoxO1 which is sequestered and degraded in cytoplasm after Akt is phosphorylated (21). When is deleted TSC1 or TSC2, is inhibited the maturation of cells B, contrary to what happened when Akt was active, in where B cells were significantly reduced in the marginal zone (MZ). But when rapamycin was fed this phenomenon was corrected, and once again the importance of mTOR is displayed in the control populations of B cells in MZ. Despite all the evidence to date is known that the PI3K pathway is a major regulatory functions and populations of B cells through regulating FoxO1. But do not have enough information to indicate the direct role of mTOR in the control and regulation of B cells, which is still under study and demonstration (22). IV. Metabolism and APCs Regulation Dendritic Cells (DC): crucial regulators of both cellular activation and tolerance in adaptive immune responses. The function which DC will perform depends on their activation and differentiation status (23). The DC activation occurs through PAMP stimulation of TLR, what leads a metabolic transition in the resting immature DC, which is characterized by a conversion from mitochondrial b-oxidation of lipid and OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis (9,10). Once exposed to TLR agonists, in an early phase, the lacking of glucose in culture medium leads to critical faults in DC activation, such production of IL-12p40 and surface expression of CD40 and CD86. Afterwards, DCs activated by TLR signals are highly dependent on glucose for survival, becoming more sensitive to apoptosis by nutrient limitation. Thus, for full DC activation is essential initiating glycolysis at the time (9,10). Differently than OXPHOS, glycolytic pathway may be requested due to the necessity to produce substrates which will be used during DC activation. As an option, glycolytic pathway components can control protein translation and can be responsible to regulate the translation of crucial proteins for DC activation (24). Macrophagues: Macrophages can be classified into two major groups M1 (inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). And each type of macrophage used different metabolic pathways, M1 uses energy mainly anaerobic glycolysis, mediated by HIF-1ÃŽ ±, while M2 employs FAO mediated PPARÉ ¤ and PGC-1ÃŽ ² (26). Evidencing with this, the relationship with of the metabolic function and and the population of macrophages. This regulation may be mediated by mTOR, which is an important nutrient sensor / power as processes such as protein synthesis, autophagy, glycolysis and regulation of immune response, de novo lipogenesis, among others. (27) Natural killer cells (NK cells): The NK cells rapamycin inhibits proliferation by blockade of the cell cycle in G1 phase in rat. Nevertheless, rapamycin does not affect interferon production by NK cells. When mTOR is inhibited in vitro, the death of T-cell YEC-1mediated by NK cells decreases slightly. In vivo, rapamycin reduces the number of NK cells in rat liver allografts (10). Neutrophils: Human neutrophil is inhibited the chemotaxis and chemokinesis induced by GM-CSF, when rapamycin is delivered. The same way, the response to IL-8. Rapamycin reduces polymerization of actin, important for leukocyte migration. mTORC1 is linked in activation of neutrophils and acute lung injury in association with TLR2 and TLR4 (18). V. Mitochondrial metabolism and regulation of immune response Effect Warburg: Is a termination used to describe a mechanism of some cancer cells to metabolize glucose via glycolysis, where the conversion of glucose to lactate with oxygen available to obtain energy with rapid generation but less efficient pathway for obtaining ATP (20,21). Carbon precursors necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol and porphyrins can be provides by glycolysis (28). Glycolysis in normal tissues is the metabolism of 6-carbon glucose to 3-carbon pyruvate and the energy in the form of ATP occur via oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (30). Hexocinase-2 (HK-2) is an isoform over-expressed in many cancer cells and is located on the external mitochondrial membrane protein VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel). HK-2 has preferential access to mitochondrial generated ATP via the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), and protection from inhibition by its product G-6-P. Cancer cells have overproduced HK-2 and making the reaction between ATP and the incoming glucose to produce G-6-P at a high rate (30). Studies suggest a link between cancer cells and Hif-1a, where high Hif-1a activity is demonstrated to mediate the Warburg effect. HIF-1a is able to produce enzymes hexokinase 2, triosephosphate isomerase, isomerase, glucose 6-phosphate, and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in glycolysis (31). HIF-1 is a transcription factor responsible for the change of gene expression during cellular response to low oxygen conditions. Amplifies HIF-1 transcription of genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes (32). Recent studies show Warburg effect have many mechanisms: tumor microenvironment and stabilization of HIF, oncogene activation and loss of tumor suppressor genes, mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells, nuclear DNA mutations, epigenetic changes, miRNA, glutamine metabolism, and post-translational modifications (28). Metabolic pathways and importance in the differentiation and function of immune cells: The response, proliferation, polarization or action of immune cells requires the supply of nutrients and high energy consumption, for this reason the contribution of ATP for these functions comes from differential form of the various metabolic pathways, from glycolysis, to pyruvate until lactate production or acyl-CoA, to enter the tricarboxylic cycle acid (TCA); or through of the fatty acids oxidation (FAO). Producing enough electrons (NADH and FADH2) to activate of the electron transport chain to fuel oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) (1). It is also already considered that myeloid cells such as granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells and T cells mainly use glycolysis as a source of ATP via anaerobic when they present an effector or inflammatory profile (Figure XX)(1,2). This is evidenced by neutrophils that have few mitochondria and consume little oxygen (34). Under these conditions the Warburg effect is generated. Producing lactate and NADPH, an essential cofactor for the NADPH oxidase for the production of important microbicidal product H2O2 (35). Some authors suggest that eosinophils and basophils are metabolically similar to neutrophils (36) As with neutrophils, macrophages are important in the immune response and are distributed in all organs and tissues. Playing an important role in innate immunity and adopt different states of activation. Interferon-É ¤ (IFN-É ¤), in combination with TLR agonists, induces M1 (inflammatory), while IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines induces M2 (regulators) (37). M1 macrophages secrete IL-12, IFN-gamma promotes, thus inducing NK cells and T cells, addition of TNF-ÃŽ ±, that activate other immune cells, and NO. Contrary M2 macrophages, secret anti-inflammatory molecules and stimulate tissue repair. Activation of M1 and M2 is characterized by the use of different metabolic pathways (38). M1 using arginine as a substrate to produce iNOS occurs only in the M1, and not in M2. M2 using arginine as a substrate for Arginase1 expressed only in the M2, and not in M1(37). The M1 macrophages possess a glycolytic metabolism. Similar to the different types of activated cells such as dendritic cells and granulocytes. (Figure XX). The Macrophage M1 has higher basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption, the other macrophages. M2 macrophages inducing the mitochondrial OXPHOS through of IL-4 and FAO. in such a way, metabolism M2 is strongly biased towards the use of FAO and mitochondrial respiration to meet their energy needs (Figure XX) (39). DCs derived from cultured bone marrow stimulated with colony-stimulating factor granulocyte-macrophage, are a model of production of TNF-ÃŽ ± and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). At rest, the DCs oxidize glucose in the mitochondria, by OXPHOS, with little lactate production. But, once stimulated with TLR agonists, become dependent on Warburg metabolism to subsistence (40). PI3K and Akt are important in the activation of glycolytic metabolism (41); play an important role in the duration of glycolysis in DCs activated. As evidenced by DCs activated by more than 12 hours which increases glucose consumption and TCA and mitochondrial oxygen consumption cease (40), increasing lactate production, and the cells survive only by aerobic glycolysis (Fig. XX). The high production NO gas by iNOS from arginine, inactive mitochondrial respiration in these cells. So the activation of glycolytic metabolism in activated DCs induces the expression of iNOS and production of NO thus inhibits OXPHO S. This subsistence mechanism is vital for the rapid production of ATP in the absence of machinery for the production of mitochondrial ATP (42). As the cells of the innate immune system, the T and B cells activated Warburg metabolism used at the time of the proliferation. In contrast to most of innate cells, which use Warburg metabolism after activation but not proliferate (1). Contrary to activated effector T cells, memory T and B cells do not use aerobic glycolysis but if they use mitochondrial FAO for their development and persistence, maintain or adopt a catabolic metabolism (Figure XX) (43). Once an antigen recognized by naive T cells and with adequate costimulation, this growth rapid, proliferation, and acquisition of specialized effector functions is initiated. This requires of the T cell a metabolic reprogramming and energetic. This pass of a catabolic metabolism to an anabolic metabolism, changes the cell is not in a state of maintenance and homeostasis (1). Some molecules such P13K, Akt, Myc, and HIF are associated with immune and metabolic signals for the activation, function, development and upkeep of T cells. So the metabolic pathways induce a T helper subsets (1). As was evidenced in Treg cells mainly use mitochondrial OXPHOS and FAO for their development and subsistence (17) or in Th17 cells where glycolysis is primarily required (44). In activated T cells the IL-12 induce an increase in the glucose transporter and glycolytic metabolism. Besides glycolysis in maintaining the activity of active effector T cells, exist other pathways involved, as via the pentose phosphate and glutaminolysis as well as the use of key molecules such as citrate and malate (Figure XX) (1).It is important to consider the available nutrients, substrates, or other resources that can create an imbalance in the environment of immune cells, affecting the metabolism of cell function and fate of immune cells. Mitochondria in the production of iNOS and inflammation: All metabolic process to generate ATP by OXPHOS generates ROS, which are involved in oxidative stress of the mitochondria. Production of O2- in excess, induces activation of factors of redox-sensitive transcription, such as NF-kB, and thus an increase of cytokines, chemokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), eicosanoids, and adhesion molecules (45). Some of these superoxide anions combine with nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a powerful oxidant. These ROS oxidize proteins, membrane lipid and mtDNA; damaging mitochondrial integrity (46). Being mitochondria, the inducer of the pro-inflammatory action by the action of innate immunity using redox sensitive or direct inflammasome activation molecules. Progression that result in the immediate activation of caspase-1, and subsequent activation of the inactive precursor of IL-1ÃŽ ² and IL-18 (47). DAMPs activate the same receptors that detect PAMPs, such as TLRs and cytoplasmic NOD and NLRs (46). Once activated, NLRP3 this is depolymerized and induces the recruitment of the adapter protein ASC and caspase-1 (and her cleavage), and other cytoskeletal proteins, glycolytic enzymes and caspase-7. This group of proteins called inflammasome. This complex induces pro-inflammatory, such as IL-1ÃŽ ² and IL-18.(47). Elevated levels of ROS generated by the mitochondria activate NLRP3 inflammasome. Interestingly, the humidity and the myth-AMPS can activate APCs, as well as other non-immune cells including mesenchymal stem cells and astrocytes. Additionally, IL-1ÃŽ ² pro-inflammatory IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF is induced by degradation of mtDNA in mouse primary astrocytes. (48). This activation of the inflammasome can activate NF-kB, increasing even more pro-inflammatory cytokines duration of the inflammatory response. This summation of events can be a clear explanation to the high deterioration of mitochondria (46). Biogenesis of mitochondria: The availability of nutrients and oxygen can determine the function of a time cell proliferate and differentiate. Under normal conditions the cell has high level out of ATP/ADP/AMP. Thus, an increase in AMP activates AMPK, activating ATP production by activating TSC 1 and 2 which blocks mTOR (7). After ATP levels are increased activated Akt/PKB promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NRF-1 and nuclear translocation with increased mitochondrial hexokinase (HK), using glycolysis coupled to OXPHOS with uptake mitochondrial ATP, especially in order to allow cell survival and maintenance of cell functions (49). An important protein in the biogenesis of mitochondria is BAD, which is involved in the initiation of a protein complex that catalyzes the first step of glycolysis by deHK-4 activation. But absent BAD gives a restriction of respiration in the presence of glucose and in the absence of glucose dephosphorylated BAD and induces apoptosis(50). This interaction between energy metabolism and the regulation of apoptosis, is important in mitochondrial biogenesis, and any imbalance can lead to mitochondrial failure and loss problems inducing pathological cell survival (51). Thus, the whole process of inflammation, oxidation and apoptosis, requires a high rate of mitochondrial replacement to allow the restoration of damaged mitochondria continuously and cell survival, which may serve as a signal that stimulates the production of mediators anti-inflammatories such as the IL-10. 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